科普｜MPC钱包：真的能解决你的资产安全问题？

作者 | 火火

出品｜白话区块链（ID：hellobtc）

业内盛行一句话“Not your keys, not your crypto，不是你的私钥就不是你的加密货币”，但目前大部分加密钱包基本上都配备长长的助记词和私钥，使用起来麻烦不说，因忘记私钥而丢失加密资产也并非罕见，再加上时不时的黑客攻击，业内还在继续探索既安全又好用的钱包。

近期多个头部平台、钱包开发商不约而同地上线MPC钱包方案或正在计划推出MPC钱包，并宣称MPC钱包相比传统热钱包更安全、门槛更低将助力Web3的大规模采用。那么这个MPC钱包是什么？能解决什么问题？一起来了解一下…

MPC，即多方计算，全称为 Multi-Party Computation。关于多方计算定义是：是指在一个互不信任的多用户网络中，n个参与者P1，P2，…, Pn，每个持有秘密数据Xi，希望共同计算出函数f(X1,X2,…, Xn)=(Y1,Y2,.., Yn)，参与者P仅得到结果Y，而不泄露Xi给其他参与者。

1980年代，姚期智院士提出著名的“姚式百万富翁问题”：两个百万富翁Alice和Bob在街上相遇，他们都想知道谁更富有，但又不愿意让对方知道自己具体财富多少。如何在没有第三方的情况下，让对方知道谁更有钱？

那么可以假设Alice有一个私人数字a， Bob有一个私人数字b，双方的目标是解不等式a是否≤b。或者更精准的说，除了得到不等式了a≤b或a>b外，不会得出任何与a或b相关的其他信息。

这就是多方计算，既将目标信息在多个参与方之间进行秘密分割，无需信任第三方，每个参与者只知道自己拥有的信息，并且在计算过程中不会透露任何秘密的部分。

具体的工作原理是：将一个私钥打碎成多片，分给去中心化的持有者/平台进行计算和加密，当需要交易私钥签名时，则将碎片再拼接起来形成一个完整的私钥以完成签名这个结果，但过程中不会产生完整的私钥，既碎片私钥持有者无法掌握完整的私钥，因为每个碎片私钥持有者都不知道他人所持有的部分。

传统的加密钱包（例如 MetaMask）有一个私钥和一个用于恢复丢失的私钥的助记词。然而，单密钥钱包存在很多问题，一不小心就造成的单点故障。如果用户的私钥丢失或泄露，存储在钱包中的资金可能会被盗或永远无法访问。

因此，只是破坏单个密钥分片的攻击者无法转移资金。只有当所有各方同时受到损害时，攻击者才有可能破解 MPC 钱包。 这样使用 MPC 就能大大降低私钥被盗的风险。

同时MPC钱包用独立创建的数学“秘密共享”取代了传统的私钥。MPC钱包一方面实现了私钥分片多方存储，提高了安全；另一方面，使得用户无需管理复杂的私钥或者助记词，让用户使用Web3产品就像可以用web2账户或邮箱关联登陆一样方便，这样一来，大大降低了用户进入Web3的门槛。

1、传统用户可以直接用web2账号或邮箱进行一键式登陆

2、私钥分片多方存储，更安全，黑客攻击难度更大;

3、可通过重置MPC来恢复钱包访问权限。

1、多人签署批准政策，依旧有中心化问题;

2、与传统钱包不兼容；

3、个别MPC库和解决方案不开源。

不过，对于目前的加密行业发展来说，这些优点的吸引力远远大于缺点的阻力。

总的来说，MPC钱包是MPC多方计算和去中心化钱包的结合，是旧技术在新场景中的应用与创新，它提供了一种保护加密资产的新方法，提高安全性的同时，还能降低用户门槛，或许“下一个 10 亿人加入Web3 世界”指日可待。

b外，不会得出任何与a或b相关的其他信息。"}}},"align":"","folded":false}},"W6OMd0usQoYwQoxgPRFceaOinie":{"id":"W6OMd0usQoYwQoxgPRFceaOinie","snapshot":{"type":"text","parent_id":"P5xed43mToa5EbxoWPZc7xu2nMc","comments":[],"locked":false,"hidden":false,"author":"7080352157744218114","children":[],"text":{"apool":{"nextNum":0,"numToAttrib":{}},"initialAttributedTexts":{"attribs":{"0":""},"text":{"0":""}}},"align":"","folded":false}},"GSEMdymqKoc2MmxsmfDc6uZDnIr":{"id":"GSEMdymqKoc2MmxsmfDc6uZDnIr","snapshot":{"type":"text","parent_id":"P5xed43mToa5EbxoWPZc7xu2nMc","comments":[],"locked":false,"hidden":false,"author":"7080352157744218114","children":[],"text":{"apool":{"nextNum":1,"numToAttrib":{"0":["author","7080352157744218114"]}},"initialAttributedTexts":{"attribs":{"0":"*0+21"},"text":{"0":"这就是多方计算，既将目标信息在多个参与方之间进行秘密分割，无需信任第三方，每个参与者只知道自己拥有的信息，并且在计算过程中不会透露任何秘密的部分。"}}},"align":"","folded":false}},"WiU4dwQE0ok626xuqlqcUAIanZg":{"id":"WiU4dwQE0ok626xuqlqcUAIanZg","snapshot":{"type":"text","parent_id":"P5xed43mToa5EbxoWPZc7xu2nMc","comments":[],"locked":false,"hidden":false,"author":"7080352157744218114","children":[],"text":{"apool":{"nextNum":0,"numToAttrib":{}},"initialAttributedTexts":{"attribs":{"0":""},"text":{"0":""}}},"align":"","folded":false}},"Msk4dsSiMoo68mxkBnpchA1YnHh":{"id":"Msk4dsSiMoo68mxkBnpchA1YnHh","snapshot":{"type":"text","parent_id":"P5xed43mToa5EbxoWPZc7xu2nMc","comments":[],"locked":false,"hidden":false,"author":"7080352157744218114","children":[],"text":{"apool":{"nextNum":1,"numToAttrib":{"0":["author","7080352157744218114"]}},"initialAttributedTexts":{"attribs":{"0":"*0+1a"},"text":{"0":"MPC 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